Respiratory and pharmacological management in severe acute bronchiolitis: Were clinical guidelines not written for critical care?

PURPOSE: The treatment applied for children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for severe acute bronchiolitis may differ from general recommendations. The first objective of our study was to describe the treatments offered to these children in a Spanish tertiary PICU. The second objective was to analyse the changes in management derived from the publication of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) bronchiolitis guideline in 2014. METHODS: This was a retrospective-prospective observational study conducted during two epidemic waves (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). The AAP guidelines were distributed and taught to PICU staff between both epidemic waves. RESULTS: A total of 138 children were enrolled (78 male). In the first period, 78 children were enrolled. The median age was 1.8 months (IQR 1.1-3.6). There were no differences between the management in the two periods, except for the use of high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT); its use increased in the second period. Overall, 83% of patients received non-invasive ventilation or HFOT. Children older than 12 months received HFOT exclusively. In comparison, continuous positive airway pressure and bi-level positive airway pressure were used less during the period 2015-2016 (P=0.036). Regarding pharmacological therapy, 70% of patients received antibiotics, 23% steroids, 33% salbutamol, 31% adrenaline, and 7% hypertonic saline. The mortality rate was zero. CONCLUSIONS: Our PICU did not follow the AAP recommendations. There were no differences between the two periods, except in the use of HFOT. All children older than 12 months received HFOT exclusively. The rate of using invasive mechanical ventilation was also low.

Ventajas y limitaciones de la clínica en Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos / Advantages and limitations of monitoring in Pediatric Intensive Care

No disponible

Trombocitosis extrema reactiva en un niño sano de 6 años / Extreme reactive thrombocytosis in a healthy 6 year-old child

La trombocitosis es un hallazgo casual frecuente en pediatría. En niños, predominan las formas secundarias, siendo las infecciones su causa más prevalente. Se distinguen 4 grados de trombocitosis en función del número de plaquetas; en la forma extrema, se supera el 1.000.000/mm3. Se presenta un caso de trombocitosis extrema reactiva en un niño sano de 6 años, que requirió ingreso en cuidados intensivos para tratamiento y diagnóstico (cifra máxima de plaquetas de 7.283.000/mm3). Se revisan las diferentes causas de trombocitosis en la infancia, se describe el diagnóstico diferencial y se discute sobre los diferentes tratamientos disponibles ante un caso como el descrito

Thrombocytosis is usually a casual finding in children. Reactive or secondary thrombocytosis is the more common form, being the infections diseases the most prevalent cause of it. Regarding the number of platelets there are four degrees of thrombocytosis; in its extreme degree the number of platelets exceeds 1,000,000/mm3. We describe a case of extreme reactive thrombocytosis in a healthy 6-year-old child. He required critical care admission for diagnosis and treatment (maximum number of platelets 7,283,000/mm3). We review the different causes of thrombocytosis in childhood, the differential diagnosis, and the available treatments in case of extreme thrombocytosis

TLR2-TLR4/CD14 polymorphisms and predisposition to severe invasive infections by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

PURPOSE: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are major causes of severe invasive bacterial infections in some individuals. Apparently the genetic is a major susceptibility determinant to these infectious diseases. We study if the functional polymorphisms within genes of the innate immune system (TLR2---TLR4 and CD14) are related to the predisposition to severe invasive infections caused by S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective descriptive study. Sixty-six Caucasian healthy children and173 consecutive Caucasian children with invasive bacterial infections by N. meningitidis (n = 59)and S. pneumoniae (n = 114) were enrolled between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010.All blood samples were genotyped with description of the coding polymorphisms in p.R753Q ofTLR2 gene and p.D299G of TLR4 gene as well as the promotor polymorphism c.-159C>T of theCD14 gene. RESULTS: Compared to the controls the p.753Q allele of TLR2 and the allele c.-159T of CD14 were more frequent in patients with S. pneumoniae (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0167) and meningococcal infections (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0276 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Genetical variations in the innate immune system by polymorphisms in the TLR2 and CD14, could be related with an increases susceptibility to severe invasive infections by S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis

OBJETIVO: Streptococcus pneumoniae y Neisseria meningitides son causantes de infección bacteriana grave en algunos individuos. Cierta susceptibilidad genética puede ser determinante para este hecho. Nuestro objetivo es determinar si el polimorfismo de genes relacionados con el sistema inmune innato (Toll like receptor 2 y 4 junto con CD14) se relaciona con la predisposición a sufrir infecciones graves por los citados patógenos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo observacional (desde el 1 de enero de 2008 hasta el31 de diciembre de 2010). Se incluye a 66 niños sanos y 173 niños con infección bacteriana grave(59 por Neisseria meningitidis y 114 por Streptococcus pneumoniae). Todas las muestras fueron genotipadas para los polimorfismos p.R753Q de TLR2, p.D299G de TLR4 y c.---159C > T del CD14.RESULTADOS: Comparados con los controles, los polimorfismos p.753Q de TLR2 y c.---159C > T deCD14 fueron más frecuentes en pacientes con infección neumocócica (p < 0,0001 y p = 0,0167)y meningocócica (p = 0,0003 y p = 0,0276).CONCLUSIONES: Las variaciones genéticas en el sistema inmune innato mediante polimorfismos en TLR2 y CD14 podrían estar relacionadas con la susceptibilidad a las infecciones graves por Streptococcus pneumoniae y Neisseria meningitides

Niño sano con síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y shock séptico por parvovirus B19 / Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and septic shock due to parvovirus B19 in a healthy child

No disponible

Extreme reactive thrombocytosis in a healthy 6 year-old child.

Thrombocytosis is usually found by chance in children. Reactive or secondary thrombocytosis is the more common form, with infectious diseases being the most prevalent cause of it. Regarding the number of platelets there are four degrees of thrombocytosis; in its extreme degree the number of platelets exceeds 1,000,000/mm3. We describe a case of extreme reactive thrombocytosis in a healthy 6-year-old child. He required critical care admission for diagnosis and treatment (maximum number of platelets 7,283,000/mm3). We review the different causes of thrombocytosis in childhood, the differential diagnosis, and the available treatments in case of extreme thrombocytosis.

La trombocitosis es un hallazgo casual frecuente en pediatría. En niños, predominan las formas secundarias, siendo las infecciones su causa más prevalente. Se distinguen 4 grados de trombocitosis en función del número de plaquetas; en la forma extrema, se supera el 1.000.000/mm3. Se presenta un caso de trombocitosis extrema reactiva en un niño sano de 6 años, que requirió ingreso en cuidados intensivos para tratamiento y diagnóstico (cifra máxima de plaquetas de 7.283.000/mm3). Se revisan las diferentes causas de trombocitosis en la infancia, se describe el diagnóstico diferencial y se discute sobre los diferentes tratamientos disponibles ante un caso como el descrito.

[Extreme reactive thrombocytosis in a healthy 6 year-old child]. / Trombocitosis extrema reactiva en un niño sano de 6 años.

Thrombocytosis is usually a casual finding in children. Reactive or secondary thrombocytosis is the more common form, being the infections diseases the most prevalent cause of it. Regarding the number of platelets there are four degrees of thrombocytosis; in its extreme degree the number of platelets exceeds 1,000,000/mm(3). We describe a case of extreme reactive thrombocytosis in a healthy 6-year-old child. He required critical care admission for diagnosis and treatment (maximum number of platelets 7,283,000/mm(3)). We review the different causes of thrombocytosis in childhood, the differential diagnosis, and the available treatments in case of extreme thrombocytosis.

TLR2-TLR4/CD14 polymorphisms and predisposition to severe invasive infections by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PURPOSE: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are major causes of severe invasive bacterial infections in some individuals. Apparently the genetic is a major susceptibility determinant to these infectious diseases. We study if the functional polymorphisms within genes of the innate immune system (TLR2-TLR4 and CD14) are related to the predisposition to severe invasive infections caused by S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective descriptive study. Sixty-six Caucasian healthy children and 173 consecutive Caucasian children with invasive bacterial infections by N. meningitidis (n=59) and S. pneumoniae (n=114) were enrolled between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010. All blood samples were genotyped with description of the coding polymorphisms in p.R753Q of TLR2 gene and p.D299G of TLR4 gene as well as the promotor polymorphism c.-159C>T of the CD14 gene. RESULTS: Compared to the controls the p.753Q allele of TLR2 and the allele c.-159T of CD14 were more frequent in patients with S. pneumoniae (p<0.0001 and p=0.0167) and meningococcal infections (p=0.0003 and p=0.0276 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Genetical variations in the innate immune system by polymorphisms in the TLR2 and CD14, could be related with an increases susceptibility to severe invasive infections by S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis.

Actividad investigadora, asistencial y docente de la UCI Pediátrica del H. infantil Universitario Niño Jesús / Research, clinical and teaching activities of the Pediatric ICU of H. Universitario Niño Jesús Children

El Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, de Madrid, es una Unidad polivalente de 14 camas, médico quirúrgica, que atiende a niños críticamente enfermos desde neonatos hasta 18 años. En los últimos seis años ha desarrollado un ambicioso programa investigador, asistencial y docente que se resume en el presente trabajo. En este periodo es la UCIP que más número de pacientes ha atendido en al Comunidad de Madrid, especialmente pacientes complejos, como niños oncológicos sometidos a trasplante de progenitores hemaopoyéticos o no; pacientes politraumatizados atendidos por un equipo multidisciplinar; niño sépticos; pacientes con patología neurológica sometidos a monitorización multiparamétrica avanzada; pacientes con patología respiratoria sometidos a diferentes formas de ventilación mecánica y otros. Se han desarrollado varias líneas de investigación clínica cuyos resultados se han publicado en diversas revistas científicas nacionales e internacionales. La actividad docente en este periodo ha sido muy amplia, basada en cursos teóricos-prácticos con simuladores, que ha contribuido a la formación de miles de pediatras. Producto de la experiencia asistencial, docente e investigadora se han editado 10 libros (AU)

The Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús is a polyvalent, surgical and medical 14 bed unit who assists critically ill patients since newborn age to 18 year-old. During the last 6 years we´ve developed an ambitious investigational, educational and clinical management programme that it´s summarized in the present paper. During this period of time our unit has got the highest admission rate in the whole Madrid area. The main pathological conditions attended are: oncological patients with and without bone marrow transplantation; multidisciplinary integrated management for the polytrauma patients; septic shock; neurological impaired patients under multiparameter advanced monitoring; respiratory failure under invasive or non invasive ventilation support. Many clinical investigations have been developed and published in several international and national journals. Thousands of paediatric physicians have accomplished our multiple simulation training programmes. As a result of our clinical, educational and investigational activity ten books have been published (AU)

Infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus en cuidados intensivos: características clínicas y epidemiológicas / Staphylococcus aureus infections in the intensive care unit: clinical and epidemiological characteristics

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha producido un incremento de las infecciones invasivas por este patógeno que requieren ingreso en cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo (entre enero del 2006 y junio del 2010) en el que se incluyó a todos los pacientes con infección por Staphylococcus Aureus (S. aureus) que precisaron ingreso en UCIP. Estos fueron clasificados en 2 grupos: infección comunitaria (grupo 1) e infección nosocomial (grupo 2). Se recogieron los siguientes datos: epidemiológicos, tipo de aislamiento de S. aureus (S. aureus sensible a meticilina [SASM], S. aureus resistente a metilicina [SARM]), factores de riesgo, localización de la infección, presencia de inestabilidad hemodinámica, soporte respiratorio y mortalidad. Resultados: Se estudiaron a 51 pacientes, 21 pertenecientes al grupo 1 y 30 al grupo 2. La mediana de edad fue menor en el grupo 1 (1,6 años frente 3,2 años, p = 0,009). Se aisló SASM en el 88% de los casos. Se detectaron 6/51 (12%) pacientes con infección por SARM, los cuales se aislaron en el último periodo del estudio (enero 2009-junio 2010). Los factores de riesgo fueron: inmunosupresión, catéter venoso central, institucionalización, ventilación mecánica, cirugía previa, traumatismo previo y osteomielitis crónica. Un 83% de los pacientes con infección por SARM tenían factores de riesgo. La localización de la infección por S. aureus fue variada, siendo las infecciones respiratorias las más frecuentes (75%). Un 43% de los pacientes requirieron fármacos vasoactivos. La mayoría de los pacientes (86%) requirió soporte respiratorio. Un paciente del grupo 1 falleció por neumonía necrotizante por SAMS. Conclusiones: Las infecciones por S. aureus son graves y tienen elevada morbilidad. La infección pulmonar es la más frecuente en esta serie. Aunque el aislamiento de SASM es predominante en estas infecciones se ha visto una tendencia al incremento de las infecciones por SARM en el último periodo del estudio (AU)

Introduction: There has been an increase in invasive Staphylococcus Aureus infections over the last few years, which have required admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Patients and methods: All patients with S. aureus infection who were admitted to PICU were enrolled in a retrospective study (January 2006-June 2010). The patients were classified into 2 groups: community-acquired infection (Group 1) and nosocomial infection (Group 2). We recorded epidemiological data, type of S. aureus (methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA], methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), risk factors, site of infection, presence of hemodynamic instability, respiratory support, and mortality. Results: A total of 51 patients were enrolled, 21 belonging to Group 1 and 30 to Group 2. The median age was lower in Group 1 (1.6 years vs 3.2 years; P=0.009). MSSA was isolated in 88% of cases. MRSA was detected in 6/51 (12%) of cases, which were isolated in the later study period (January 2009-June 2010).The risk factors for infection were: immunosuppression, venous catheter, institutionalization, mechanical ventilation, previous surgery, previous trauma and chronic osteomyelitis. A large majority (83%) of the patients with MRSA infection had risk factors. The type of infection was varied, with respiratory tract infection being the most common (75%). Hemodynamic instability was observed in 43% of patients. Most patients (86%) required respiratory support. One patient in Group 1 died of necrotizing pneumonia caused by MSSA. Conclusions: Infections by S. aureus in children are severe and have a high morbidity. Respiratory infection was the most common in our series. Isolation of MSSA is common in these infections, although, an increase in the number of infections by MRSA was observed during the latter part of the study(AU)

[Staphylococcus aureus infections in the intensive care unit: clinical and epidemiological characteristics]. / Infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus en cuidados intensivos: características clínicas y epidemiológicas.

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increase in invasive Staphylococcus Aureus infections over the last few years, which have required admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with S. aureus infection who were admitted to PICU were enrolled in a retrospective study (January 2006-June 2010). The patients were classified into 2 groups: community-acquired infection (Group 1) and nosocomial infection (Group 2). We recorded epidemiological data, type of S. aureus (methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA], methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), risk factors, site of infection, presence of hemodynamic instability, respiratory support, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients were enrolled, 21 belonging to Group 1 and 30 to Group 2. The median age was lower in Group 1 (1.6 years vs 3.2 years; P=.009). MSSA was isolated in 88% of cases. MRSA was detected in 6/51 (12%) of cases, which were isolated in the later study period (January 2009-June 2010). The risk factors for infection were: immunosuppression, venous catheter, institutionalization, mechanical ventilation, previous surgery, previous trauma and chronic osteomyelitis. A large majority (83%) of the patients with MRSA infection had risk factors. The type of infection was varied, with respiratory tract infection being the most common (75%). Hemodynamic instability was observed in 43% of patients. Most patients (86%) required respiratory support. One patient in Group 1 died of necrotizing pneumonia caused by MSSA. CONCLUSIONS: Infections by S. aureus in children are severe and have a high morbidity. Respiratory infection was the most common in our series. Isolation of MSSA is common in these infections, although, an increase in the number of infections by MRSA was observed during the latter part of the study.

Caídas desde grandes alturas en Pediatría. Epidemiología y evolución de 54 pacientes / Falls from heights in Pediatrics. Epidemiology and evolution of 54 patients

Objetivo: Las caídas desde altura son una importante causa de morbimortalidad prevenible en la edad pediátrica. Los objetivos de este estudio son describir la evolución y el pronóstico a largo plazo de los pacientes precipitados, identificar la población pediátrica con mayor riesgo de sufrir caídas desde altura en nuestro medio y definir las variables al ingreso asociadas a mortalidad. Diseño: Estudio de una cohorte retrospectivo. Ámbito: Pediatría. Participantes: Pacientes politraumatizados ingresados en el servicio de unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos tras haberse precipitado desde una altura superior a dos metros a lo largo de 10 años. Resultados: El 92% de las caídas se produjeron desde edificios. De 54 pacientes precipitados, el 51% fueron preescolares. En adolescentes, el intento de suicidio ha sido la causa en la mitad de los casos. Un 52% pertenece a familias inmigrantes. El traumatismo craneoencefálico fue la lesión más frecuente. La mortalidad fue del 12%. De los pacientes en los que se realizó seguimiento a los dos años, el 82% llevaban una vida independiente sin secuelas. Los factores independientes asociados a mortalidad fueron: la altura de la caída, la puntuación en la escala de coma de Glasgow y en el índice de trauma pediátrico, la anemia, la acidosis y la hipotensión al ingreso, la necesidad de drogas vasoactivas, y la presencia de TCE grave con desarrollo de hipertensión intracraneal. Conclusiones: Las caídas desde grandes alturas se producen sobre todo en preescolares sin supervisión y en adolescentes por tentativa de suicidio. Estos pacientes presentan un gran número de lesiones, una alta mortalidad y altas necesidades asistenciales. La mayoría de los supervivientes llevan una vida independiente a largo plazo. Sería necesario implantar medidas preventivas, sobre todo en la población de riesgo (AU)

Objective: Falls from heights are a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The aims of this study are to describe the evolution and long-term prognosis of such patients, to identify the pediatric population at greatest risk of falling from heights in our setting, and to define the variables at admission capable of predicting mortality. Design: A retrospective patient cohort review was carried out. Setting: Pediatric patients. Population: Pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit following a fall from a height of over two meters, in the last 10 years. Results: Ninety-two percent of the patients fell from buildings. Out of a total of 54 patients suffering falls, 51% were preschoolers. Fifty percent of the adolescents cases corresponded to attempted suicide. Fifty-two percent of the children were immigrants. Head injuries were the most common type of traumatism. The mortality rate was 12%. Eighty-two percent of the patients with a follow-up period of two years were leading an independent life. The independent predictors of mortality were the height of the fall, the Glasgow coma score and pediatric trauma index score upon admission, the presence of anemia, acidosis and hypotension upon admission, the need for vasoactive drugs, and the presence of severe head injury with the development of intracranial hypertension. Conclusions: Falls from heights occur mainly in unsupervised preschool children and teenagers attempting suicide. These patients have a high number of injuries, a high mortality rate, and important care needs. Most survivors are able to lead an independent life over the long term. Preventive measures should be implemented in risk populations (AU)

[Falls from heights in Pediatrics. Epidemiology and evolution of 54 patients]. / Caídas desde grandes alturas en Pediatría. Epidemiología y evolución de 54 pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: Falls from heights are a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The aims of this study are to describe the evolution and long-term prognosis of such patients, to identify the pediatric population at greatest risk of falling from heights in our setting, and to define the variables at admission capable of predicting mortality. DESIGN: A retrospective patient cohort review was carried out. SETTING: Pediatric patients. POPULATION: Pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit following a fall from a height of over two meters, in the last 10 years. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of the patients fell from buildings. Out of a total of 54 patients suffering falls, 51% were preschoolers. Fifty percent of the adolescents cases corresponded to attempted suicide. Fifty-two percent of the children were immigrants. Head injuries were the most common type of traumatism. The mortality rate was 12%. Eighty-two percent of the patients with a follow-up period of two years were leading an independent life. The independent predictors of mortality were the height of the fall, the Glasgow coma score and pediatric trauma index score upon admission, the presence of anemia, acidosis and hypotension upon admission, the need for vasoactive drugs, and the presence of severe head injury with the development of intracranial hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Falls from heights occur mainly in unsupervised preschool children and teenagers attempting suicide. These patients have a high number of injuries, a high mortality rate, and important care needs. Most survivors are able to lead an independent life over the long term. Preventive measures should be implemented in risk populations.

Dificultad respiratoria en el niño con cancer / No disponible

La dificultad respiratoria es un fenómeno común en el niño con cáncer y supone la causa más frecuente de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) en este grupo de pacientes. Su etiología es múltiple y requiere un tratamiento adecuado y precoz. En esta revisión se describen los cuadros más frecuentes de dificultad respiratoria en el niño con cáncer no sometido a trasplante de médula ósea comentando su clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento (AU)

Respiratory distress is a common phenomenon in children with cancer. It is the most frequent cause of admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in this group of patients. Its etiology is varied, and early and appropriate treatment is required. This review describes the most prevalent forms of respiratory distress in children with cancer without bone marrow transplantation. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment are commented (AU)

Dificultad respiratoria en el niño sometido a trasplante de médula ósea / Breathing difficulties in children subjected to bone marrow transplantation

Hasta el 60% de los niños que reciben trasplante de médula ósea (TMO) presentan dificultad respiratoria. Supone una complicación cada vez más frecuente debido al aumento en el número de aplicaciones terapéuticas del TMO y al mejor abordaje terapéutico de los problemas asociados al mismo. Se describen las diferentes causas de dificultad respiratoria tras TMO en función de su instauración (precoz o tardía) o la presencia de infección en el origen dela misma. Se revisa a su vez el diagnóstico y tratamiento de cada una de ellas (AU)

Up to 60% of all children that receive to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) develop respiratory distress. It constitutes a common complication in this kind of patients, due to the increasing number of therapeutic applications of BMT and to improvement in the therapeutic approach to the problems associated with this procedure. We describe the different causes of respiratory distress after BMT in relation to its initiation or the presence of infection in its origin. The diagnosis and treatment are also reviewed (AU)

[Breathing difficulties in children with cancer]. / Dificultad respiratoria en el niño con cáncer.

Respiratory distress is a common phenomenon in children with cancer. It is the most frequent cause of admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in this group of patients. Its etiology is varied, and early and appropriate treatment is required. This review describes the most prevalent forms of respiratory distress in children with cancer without bone marrow transplantation. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment are commented.

[Breathing difficulties in children subjected to bone marrow transplantation]. / Dificultad respiratoria en el niño sometido a trasplante de médula ósea.

Up to 60% of all children that receive to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) develop respiratory distress. It constitutes a common complication in this kind of patients, due to the increasing number of therapeutic applications of BMT and to improvement in the therapeutic approach to the problems associated with this procedure. We describe the different causes of respiratory distress after BMT in relation to its initiation or the presence of infection in its origin. The diagnosis and treatment are also reviewed.

Bronquiolitis grave. Cambios epidemiológicos y de soporte respiratorio / Severe bronchiolitis. Changes in epidemiology and respiratory support

Introducción: La bronquiolitis genera muchos ingresos en las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Nuevas formas de soporte respiratorio podrían mejorar la asistencia de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Analizar los cambios epidemiológicos y de soporte respiratorio de los niños ingresados en la UCIP. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional y retrospectivo de los pacientes ingresados por bronquiolitis en la UCIP de un hospital terciario durante la época epidémica del virus respiratorios incitial (VRS) entre los años 2005 y 2010. Resultados: Fueron ingresados 229 pacientes; el 83% estaba infectado por VRS. La media de edad fue de 1,48 meses; los menores de 3 meses generaron el mayor número de ingresos (73,3%).Diciembre fue el mes con más número de ingresos (52%). La mortalidad fue del 0,9%. La media de estancia en UCIP y de soporte respiratorio fue de 4 y 3 días (diferencias no significativas entre las diferentes epidemias). Los pacientes con bronquiolitis por VRS eran de menor edad que los VRS negativo (media 2,61 y 4,05 meses; p = 0,023). El 73% de los casos requirieron soporte respiratorio. El porcentaje de pacientes en los que se utilizó soporte respiratorio activo fue en aumentó (Z = 3,81; p = 0,00014), sobre todo a expensas de la oxigenoterapia de alto flujo con cánulas nasales (Z = 3,62; p = 0,00028). Se observó relación inversa entre la edad y los días de estancia en UCIP (beta =−0,245; p ≤ 0,0001) y de soporte respiratorio (beta =−0,167;p = 0,039).Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes ingresados por bronquiolitis en la UCIP tienen menos de 3 meses. La mortalidad es del 0,9%. El soporte respiratorio (sobre todo la ventilación mecánica no invasiva y la oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en cánulas nasales) se utiliza cada vez más frecuentemente. A menor edad, más días de ingreso en UCIP y de soporte respiratorio son necesarios (AU)

Introduction: Bronchiolitis generates lots of admissions during the cold months in the paediatric intensive care units (PICU). New forms of respiratory support are being used and could improve the care of these patients. Objectives: To analyse the epidemiological and respiratory support changes of children admitted to the PICU. Patients and methods: An observational, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of patients with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis admitted to the PICU of a tertiary hospital during the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic months between 2005 and 2010. Results: A total of 229 patients were admitted, of whom 83% were infected with RSV. The mean age was 1.48 months, with children under 3 months being the greatest number of admissions (73.3%). December was the month with the highest number of admissions (52%). Mortality was 0.9%. The mean time of stay in the PICU and on respiratory assistance were 4 and 3 days, respectively (no significant differences between the periods studied). Patients with RSV bronchiolitis were younger than the negative RSV (mean 2.61 months and 4.05 months, P = 0.023).Active respiratory support was required in 73% of cases. The percentage of patients who required active respiratory support increased over the years (Z = 3.81, P = 0.00014), especially high flow nasal oxygen therapy (Z = 3.62, P = 0.00028). An inverse relationship was observed between patient age and length of stay in PICU (Beta =−0.245, P≤0.0001) and days on respiratory support(Beta =−0.167, P = 0.039).Conclusions: Most patients admitted to the PICU are less than 3 months old. Mortality was 0.9%. Respiratory support (especially non-invasive mechanical ventilation and high flow nasal oxygen therapy) is used increasingly often. The youngest patients need more days in PICU and more respiratory support (AU)

[Severe bronchiolitis. Changes in epidemiology and respiratory support]. / Bronquiolitis grave. Cambios epidemiológicos y de soporte respiratorio.

INTRODUCTION: Bronchiolitis generates lots of admissions during the cold months in the paediatric intensive care units (PICU). New forms of respiratory support are being used and could improve the care of these patients. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the epidemiological and respiratory support changes of children admitted to the PICU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of patients with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis admitted to the PICU of a tertiary hospital during the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic months between 2005 and 2010. RESULTS: A total of 229 patients were admitted, of whom 83% were infected with RSV. The mean age was 1.48 months, with children under 3 months being the greatest number of admissions (73.3%). December was the month with the highest number of admissions (52%). Mortality was 0.9%. The mean time of stay in the PICU and on respiratory assistance were 4 and 3 days, respectively (no significant differences between the periods studied). Patients with RSV bronchiolitis were younger than the negative RSV (mean 2.61 months and 4.05 months, P=.023). Active respiratory support was required in 73% of cases. The percentage of patients who required active respiratory support increased over the years (Z=3.81, P=.00014), especially high flow nasal oxygen therapy (Z=3.62, P=.00028). An inverse relationship was observed between patient age and length of stay in PICU (Beta=-0.245, P ≤.0001) and days on respiratory support (Beta=-0.167, P=.039). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients admitted to the PICU are less than 3 months old. Mortality was 0.9%. Respiratory support (especially non-invasive mechanical ventilation and high flow nasal oxygen therapy) is used increasingly often. The youngest patients need more days in PICU and more respiratory support.